{"id":5275,"date":"2021-10-18T19:57:28","date_gmt":"2021-10-18T16:57:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bcuni.eu\/tr\/?p=5229"},"modified":"2021-10-18T19:57:28","modified_gmt":"2021-10-18T16:57:28","slug":"psikanaliz-ve-din","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bcuni.eu\/tr\/psikanaliz-ve-din\/","title":{"rendered":"PS\u0130KANAL\u0130Z VE D\u0130N"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Prof Dr. Ali K\u00d6SE<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>K\u0131saca Jung Kimdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1875 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin Kesswil kentinde bir din adam\u0131n\u0131n o\u011flu olarak do\u011fdu. Ailesinin ilk \u00e7ocu\u011fu do\u011fumdan sonraki birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olup, kendisi ondan sonra do\u011fan \u201ck\u0131ymetli bebek\u201d durumundayd\u0131. Kendisine o d\u00f6nemin say\u0131lan ki\u015filerinden olan dedesinin ad\u0131n\u0131 verdiler. K\u00f6ydeki okuldan sonra gitti\u011fi Basel\u2019de s\u0131k s\u0131k fenala\u015farak bay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu nedenle sara hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ama muayenesinin normal \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Babas\u0131n\u0131n kendisi ile kurdu\u011fu daha olumlu ili\u015fki ile olas\u0131l\u0131kla psikiyatrik k\u00f6kenli olan bu sorunun \u00fcstesinden gelebilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcm okul hayat\u0131 ve \u00fcniversitedeki t\u0131p e\u011fitimini Basel\u2019de tamamlad\u0131. 25 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken psikiyatri uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitimine Z\u00fcrih\u2019te ba\u015flad\u0131. 2 y\u0131l sonra Pierre Janet\u2019den ders ald\u0131.Daha sonra Z\u00fcrih\u2019te Bleuler\u2019in yan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. S\u00f6zc\u00fck \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131m testleri \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapt\u0131. 28 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken psikiyatri uzman\u0131 oldu ve evlendi. 30 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken, Z\u00fcrih \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00f6\u011fretim g\u00f6revlisi oldu. 2 y\u0131l sonra Freud ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131, onun etkisinde kalarak psikanalize ilgi duymaya ba\u015flad\u0131. O y\u0131l psikiyatri kongresinde histeri konusunda Freud\u2019un s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak konu\u015fma yapt\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nem sonras\u0131nda \u201cs\u00f6zc\u00fck \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131m testi\u201d \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 36 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken, Uluslararas\u0131 Psikanaliz Birli\u011fi\u2019nin ilk ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu. Bir y\u0131l sonra Freud\u2019un teorilerini ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir kitap yazd\u0131. Ertesi y\u0131l Freud ve onun ekol\u00fc ile aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 sonras\u0131 psikanaliz birli\u011finden, edit\u00f6rl\u00fck g\u00f6revinden ve Z\u00fcrih \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ndeki psikiyatri do\u00e7entli\u011finden istifa ederek, grup ile ili\u015fkisini kesti. Bu d\u00f6nemi izleyerek, bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak \u00fczere \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok fazla aktif olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 , yay\u0131n yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, askere al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemi olmu\u015ftur. 46 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken \u201cPsikolojik Tipler\u201dadl\u0131 eserini yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kollektif bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve bilin\u00e7le ili\u015fkisini, ki\u015finin psi\u015fik geli\u015fimi ve bireyselle\u015fmesini konu alan yay\u0131nlarda bulundu. Jung bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 yaparken Amerika, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya ve Afrika k\u0131talar\u0131na giderek modern hayattan uzak ya\u015fayan topluluklar \u00fczerinde de incelemelerde bulundu. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda kollektif bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131n bireylerin beyinsel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u015fekillerinin daha eski katmanlar\u0131na ait yap\u0131larla ili\u015fkili olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 55 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken Alman Psikoterapi Derne\u011fi\u2019ne onursal ba\u015fkan se\u00e7ildi. 3 y\u0131l sonra Hitler yanl\u0131s\u0131 politik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin dernekte etki g\u00f6stermesi sonucu Kretscmer Alman Psikoterapi Derne\u011fi ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan istifa edince yerine kendisi getirildi. Bu d\u00f6nemde nazi yanl\u0131s\u0131 olmakla su\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f, ama kendisi bir \u00e7ok zor durumdaki psikoterapiste yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 60 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de psikoloji profes\u00f6r\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rev yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 69 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken kalp krizi ge\u00e7irdi, bundan sonra daha dini bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi, ruhun metafizi\u011fe ve dinsel bir temaya ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 73 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken Jung Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc kurulur. Son eseri \u201c\u0130nsan ve \u0130nsan\u0131n Sembolleri\u201d de dahil olmak \u00fczere otuz kitap ve say\u0131s\u0131 doksan\u0131 a\u015fan makale yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mitolojiden, antropolojiye, en do\u011fudan en bat\u0131ya, kuzeyden g\u00fcneye farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalarda ve farkl\u0131 bilimsel alanlarda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131p, farkl\u0131 alanlarda farkl\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Psikiyatrinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan ve ilgin\u00e7 adam\u0131 86 ya\u015f\u0131nda hayata g\u00f6zlerini yummu\u015ftur.. Jung, Freud\u2019un g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, \u00f6zg\u00fcrce \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmi\u015f, kesin hatlar i\u00e7ine s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmayarak, psikanaliz i\u00e7inde bahsedilmeyen pek \u00e7ok konuda \u201cAnalitik Psikoloji\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekol i\u00e7inde kuramlar \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. Freud\u2019un \u201clibido\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, pek \u00e7ok his ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 cinsel d\u00fcrt\u00fclerin k\u00f6k verdi\u011fi enerjiyi, sadece cinsel enerji olarak de\u011fil ruhsal enerjinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc olarak kabul etmi\u015ftir. Freud\u2019un libido kavram\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakarak, \u201cpsi\u015fik enerji\u201d ismini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu enerji bazen bilin\u00e7alt\u0131nda toplan\u0131yor, bazen de \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerimizin birinden di\u011ferine ge\u00e7ebiliyordu. \u00c7e\u015fitli sosyal aktiviteler, gelenek ve al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klarla bu enerji farkl\u0131 eylemlere y\u00f6nlendirilebilmektedir. Analitik psikolojiye g\u00f6re, her insan\u0131n bir d\u0131\u015f bir de i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00c7evremize y\u00f6nelik olarak \u201cpersona\u201d denen, bulundu\u011fumuz \u00e7evreye, k\u00fclt\u00fcre uyum sonucunda kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00f6zellikler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fer buna k\u00f6r\u00fc k\u00f6r\u00fcne uyacak derecede, kendi beynimizle sorgulamadan toplumsal kal\u0131b\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcmsersek, ki\u015fili\u011fimizle ili\u015fkimizi kaybedebiliriz. \u201cG\u00f6lgelenmi\u015f ki\u015filik\u201d denilen yap\u0131m\u0131z ise, gizledi\u011fimiz kendimizin de farkedemedi\u011fi alkol kullananlarda da g\u00f6zlenebilen bilincimizin bask\u0131dan kurtuldu\u011fu anlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fimiz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve eylemsel yakla\u015f\u0131mlardan olu\u015fur. Bunu asl\u0131nda kendimizde olan sevmedi\u011fimiz \u00f6zellikleri, ba\u015fkalar\u0131na atfetme \u015feklinde<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">nitelenebilecek olan \u201cyans\u0131tma\u201dlarda da g\u00f6zleyebilmekteyiz. Jung\u2019a g\u00f6re i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyam\u0131za y\u00f6nelik de \u00e7e\u015fitli yap\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131r. Her insanda hem di\u015fili\u011fe ait bir davran\u0131\u015f ve hissedi\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131( ki buna \u201canima\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir) hem de erkekli\u011fe ait bir yap\u0131( \u201canimus\u201d) vard\u0131r. Ona g\u00f6re bu iki yap\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki dengeye ait sorunlar cinsel kimlik bozukluklar\u0131ndan, ki\u015filik bozukluklar\u0131na dek \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 psikiyatrik bozukluklara yola\u00e7abilmektedir. Bunlar\u0131n en alt\u0131nda ise, \u201ckendilik\u201d dedi\u011fimiz as\u0131l bizim i\u00e7imizdeki \u00f6z olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilecek olan ,r\u00fcyalar\u0131m\u0131zda farkl\u0131la\u015farak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan adeta yerk\u00fcrenin merkezindeki ma\u011fma katman\u0131 gibi enerjik bir yap\u0131 vard\u0131r. Jung\u2019un \u201cBireyle\u015fme\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece g\u00f6re, t\u00fcm ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131z boyunca ki\u015fili\u011fimiz \u015fekillenir. \u00c7e\u015fitli d\u00f6nemlerde \u00e7ocukluktan ergenli\u011fe, ergenlikten eri\u015fkinli\u011fe ve \u201cya\u015fam d\u00f6nemeci\u201d dedi\u011fi otuzlu ya\u015flarda \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7er. Baz\u0131 do\u011fal hayat ya\u015fayan kabilelerde bu ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemleri \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00f6renlerle birbirinden kesin olarak ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Oysa modern toplum yap\u0131lar\u0131nda bunlara \u00e7ok daha az rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ki\u015filer ya\u015flar\u0131na uymayan davran\u0131\u015flar g\u00f6sterebilirler. Ki\u015fi e\u011fer bireyle\u015fmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ise, kendisi ile bar\u0131\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00c7evresi ile anlaml\u0131 ili\u015fkiler kurar, ba\u015fkalar\u0131na \u00f6rnek olur ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn getirece\u011fi pi\u015fmanl\u0131k, \u00e7aresizlik ve korku hissini ya\u015famaz. \u0130nsanl\u0131k yolundaki geli\u015fmemiz iyilerimizi geli\u015ftirmek, k\u00f6t\u00fclerimizin fark\u0131na vararak, azaltmaktaki \u00f6zverili \u00e7abalar\u0131m\u0131z ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jung\u2019un Etkileyen Ki\u015fi ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Freud<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Freud ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6ncede psikiyatr olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Jung\u2019un o d\u00f6nemde de Freud\u2019un etkisi alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz. \u00d6zellikle Freud\u2019un R\u00fcyalar\u0131n Yorumu (1900) isimli eseri Jung u etkilemi\u015f ve R\u00fcya ve Sembol analizleri ile ilgilenmesini sonu\u00e7ta kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koymas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.Ayr\u0131ca bilin\u00e7 alt\u0131 kavram\u0131ndan da ciddi etkilenen Jung bu bilgiyi o zaman i\u00e7in kendi hastalar\u0131nda pratik olarakda uygulamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun sonucunda ise kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olan kollektif bilin\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kavram\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Literat\u00fcr<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Babas\u0131n\u0131n tek tarafl\u0131 teoloji kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fi ile ilgli hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olsada, Tanr\u0131 bilincini ve yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f kavram\u0131n\u0131 incelemeye \u00f6nem vermi\u015ftir. Annesinin \u00f6nerisi ile Goethe\u2019ni Faust\u2019unu okumu\u015f ve bu kitab\u0131n etkisi ile psi\u015fenin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesini yapma imkan\u0131 bularak insan\u0131n i\u00e7erisindeki gizil \u015feytani g\u00fc\u00e7 ile geli\u015fimsel i\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 kurmu\u015ftur. Jung ayr\u0131ca felsefe ve edebiyat \u00fczerinede ciddi okumalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jkung\u2019un ya\u015fam\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Nietzche\u2019nin de \u00f6nemli bir etkisinin oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Ona g\u00f6re Nietzche ve Freud iki \u00f6nemli teman\u0131n bat\u0131daki temsilcileridirler, g\u00fc\u00e7 ve eros. Ancak Jung\u2019a g\u00f6re sonu\u00e7ta Her ikiside bu kavramlar\u0131n \u00f6nemi ile ilgi tak\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 durumdad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Simya<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jung bilincin geli\u015fimi \u00fczerine bat\u0131 geleneklerini incelemi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle semboller \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve simya literat\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn takip etmi\u015ftir. Ki\u015filik ve bilincin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131larak bireyselle\u015fmenin nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilece\u011fini insan v\u00fccudundaki kimyasal etmenlerin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi ile ilgisi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Do\u011fu D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sembolizm ve mitler \u00fczerine ilerletti\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 sonucu Jung bireyselle\u015fme ve ki\u015filik entegrasyonu \u00fczerine kendi teorilerini geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu geli\u015fim a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n ilerlemesi esnas\u0131nda geleneksel do\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ve felsefesi ile tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini do\u011frulama test etme imkan\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur. \u00c7inceden terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015f olan Alt\u0131n \u00c7i\u00e7e\u011fin S\u0131rr\u0131 isimli kitap o d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisinde Jung \u00fczerinde ciddi etkiler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ayr\u0131ca do\u011fu bilgeli\u011finde \u00f6nemli bir model olan Mandala \u00fczerine incelemelerde bulunmu\u015ftur. Bireyin geli\u015fimi ve bireyselle\u015fmesi d\u00f6neminde Mandala\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip oldu\u011funu savunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yoga ve Budizm gibi do\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin ise bat\u0131ya uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bat\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile \u00e7eli\u015febilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu felsefelerle ilgilenen bat\u0131da do\u011fmu\u015f ve yteti\u015fmi\u015f ki\u015filerin kendi k\u00f6kleri ile ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 tamamen kopard\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hatta \u00f6zlerini reddettiklerini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Jung\u2019a g\u00f6re bu da bu felsefelerle ilgilenen bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n psi\u015feleri ile ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kopard\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Analitik Psikolojinin Temel Kavramlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tutumlar: \u0130\u00e7e d\u00f6n\u00fck-D\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fck<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jung\u2019un \u00fcretmi\u015f oldu\u011fu kavramlar i\u00e7erisinde en yayg\u0131n oalrak kullan\u0131lan iki kavramd\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131 psi\u015fesi yoruldu\u011funda \u015farj olmas\u0131 gereken bir varl\u0131k olarak konumland\u0131r\u0131rsak i\u00e7e d\u00f6n\u00fckl\u00fck ve d\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fckl\u00fck \u015farj olma s\u0131ras\u0131nda fi\u015fin nereye tak\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Her ne kadar hi\u00e7 kimse tamamen i\u00e7e d\u00f6n\u00fck ya da d\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fck oalrak adland\u0131r\u0131lmasa da bahsetti\u011fimiz durumda \u015farj\u0131 i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyam\u0131zdan al\u0131yorsak i\u00e7e d\u00f6n\u00fck, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyam\u0131zdan al\u0131yorsak d\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fck olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fonksiyonlar: D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme-Hissetme , 5 duyu-Sezgi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jung temel psikolojik fonksiyonlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, hissetme, 5 duyu ile alg\u0131lama ve sezgilerle alg\u0131lama olarak belirtmi\u015ftir. Her fonksiyonun i\u00e7e d\u00f6n\u00fck ve d\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fck ifade edili\u015f tarz\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu fonksiyonlardan bir tanesi bask\u0131n olarak ki\u015finin psikolojisini ve alg\u0131 mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirir. Ve di\u011fer fonksiyonlar ise kendi aralar\u0131nda g\u00f6receli olarak daha az geli\u015fmi\u015f olarak s\u0131ralanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En az geli\u015fmi\u015f olan fonksiyonu Jung primitif, geli\u015fmemi\u015f fonksiyon olarak tan\u0131mlar. Ayr\u0131ca geli\u015fmemi\u015f fonksiyon ki\u015finin bilin\u00e7 alt\u0131n\u0131 ifadesi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme ve hissetme fonksiyonlar\u0131 bizim yarg\u0131lama fonksiyonlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturur. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme fonksiyonu objektif yarg\u0131-do\u011fru pe\u015findedir. Bu ne anlama geliyor? Gibi sorular sorar. Bu fonksiyonun ilgilendi\u011fi alan do\u011fru-yanl\u0131\u015f alan\u0131d\u0131r. Plan ve stratejileri \u00fcreten yarg\u0131 merkezidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Duygular ise de\u011ferlerle ilgilenir ve de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinden fonksiyonunu ifade eder. G\u00fczel-\u00e7irkin sorular\u0131na cevap bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu hangi de\u011ferleri i\u00e7eriyor sorusunu sordurur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5 duyu ve sezgi fonksiyonlar\u0131m\u0131z ise bilgiyi toplama, anlama fiillerimizi y\u00f6nlendirir. 5 duyu fonksiyonu ile duyu organlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n do\u011frudan alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgilere do\u011fru y\u00f6neliriz. Detaylar\u0131 alg\u0131lama, somut hadiselerle ilgilenme, dokunma, hisstme bu fonksiyonun g\u00f6revini ifa etti\u011fi alanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sezgiler \u0130lerde ne olabilir, ihtimal dahilinde olan \u015feyler nelerdir? Gibi ucu a\u00e7\u0131k ve somut olmayan alanlarla ilgilenir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f ile gelecek aras\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131lar kurmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar. Ger\u00e7ek bilgi ile hayali kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilir. Somuttan \u00e7ok soyut ilgisini \u00e7eker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bilin\u00e7 D\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Freud tan etkilenen Jung bu kavram\u0131 Ki\u015fisel Bilin\u00e7 D\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Toplumsal bilin\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak ikiye ay\u0131rarak inceler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bireysel Bilin\u00e7 D\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bireyin ge\u00e7mi\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n kodlanmas\u0131 ve bu g\u00fcne ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 olarak ifade edilebilir. Freud\u2019un bilin\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kavram\u0131na benzemektedir. Farkl\u0131 olarak Ki\u015fisel Bilin\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sadece ac\u0131 dolu hat\u0131ralar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir alan de\u011fil bununla birlikte bilin\u00e7lilik durumunda ya\u015fanan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olmayan hat\u0131ralar\u0131nda topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Toplumsal Bilin\u00e7 D\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jung toplumsal bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ya da ben \u00f6tesi bilin\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ki\u015finin kendi ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve t\u00fcm psi\u015fik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n merkezi olarak tan\u0131mlar. Zaman ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrler i\u00e7erisinde geli\u015fir. Skinner gibi davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ekole sahip olanlar\u0131n dedi\u011fi gibi insan tabula rasa (bo\u015f levha) ile d\u00fcnyaya gelmemektedir. \u0130nsanlar do\u011fu\u015ftan bilin\u00e7alt\u0131alr\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 form ve alg\u0131lama modelleri ile gelmektedirler. Her insan ayr\u0131 zamanlarda ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde do\u011fsada toplumsal bilin\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 herkesde ortak olan bir y\u00f6nd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jung biyolojik kal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n yan\u0131nda psikolojik bir kal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n da oldu\u011funu savunur. Her ikisi de davran\u0131\u015f ve tecr\u00fcbelerimizi etkileyen temel yap\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Arketipler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">arketip : Frans\u0131zca archetype. ilk \u00f6rnek, as\u0131l numune, \u00f6zg\u00fcn model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arketip (Archetype) Jung un getirdi\u011fi en \u00f6nemli ve zor kavramlardan birisidir. Asl\u0131nda bu kavram\u0131 ilk ortaya atan Jung de\u011fildir. Bu konuda Jung \u0130bn-i Arabi nin &#8220;Ayan-\u0131 Sabite&#8221; kavrm\u0131ndan etkilenmi\u015ftir. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda \u00f6zellikle r\u00fcya analizlerinde, baz\u0131 sembollerin k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve toplumdan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak evrensel oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve bunlar\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak miras\u0131 olarak kabul etmi\u015ftir. Arketipler belirli bir \u015fekli olmayan ama ayn\u0131 anlam\u0131 i\u00e7eren semboller olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. \u0130nsan psi\u015fesinin u\u00e7 bucaks\u0131z potansiyel enerjisinden gelir ve i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel enerjinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Jung un arketip kavram\u0131 \u015fu soruyu sordurmu\u015ftur. Nas\u0131l oluyorda birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z topluluklarda hatta en ilkel toplumdan en modern topluma kadar arketipler evrensel oluyor ve ayn\u0131 manalar\u0131 i\u00e7eriyor. Jung bunu toplumsal bilin\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yani insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak miras\u0131. Din psikolojisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iki t\u00fcrl\u00fc yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birincisi Bu yorumu tamamen din d\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6renlerin fikridir. Onlara g\u00f6re jung dine zarar vermektedir. Manevi bir uyar\u0131 ya da i\u015faret manas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan semboller jung a g\u00f6re toplumsal d\u00fczeyde kal\u0131t\u0131mla ilgilidir ve materyalist bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kaymaktad\u0131r. \u0130kinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc savunanlar ise Jung un dine destek verdi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fler arketipleri ilahi semboller olarak yorumlay\u0131p toplumsal bilin\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ilahi kodlama oldu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Arketiplere \u00f6rnekler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Persona: D\u00fcnyaya g\u00f6sterdi\u011fimiz y\u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcz. Maskemiz. \u0130nsanlarla ili\u015fki kurdu\u011fumuz y\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcz. Bilin\u00e7li oldu\u011fumuz alandad\u0131r. Sosyal rollerimiz, giysilerimiz, kendimizi ifade edi\u015f \u015fekillerimiz hep persona n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesidir. Ego yu ve bilin\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n arketiplerini koruyucu bir rol\u00fc vard\u0131r. Sosyal d\u00fcnya ile temas\u0131 sa\u011flayarak bilin\u00e7 alt\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan etkilenmesini \u00f6nler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ego: \u0130nsan\u0131n bilin\u00e7 durumundaki ana arketiplerdendir. Bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 alanla bilin\u00e7li alan aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015fi sa\u011flar. \u0130nsandaki ben duygusunu uyaran arketiptir. Bize kendili\u011fimizi hissettirir. Roller yoktur \u00f6z vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Shadow (g\u00f6lge): Bilin\u00e7li d\u00fcnyam\u0131zda bast\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z her \u015feyi i\u00e7erisinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. G\u00fcndelik ya\u015famda bast\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Tutkular, arzular, tecr\u00fcbeler ve hat\u0131ralar g\u00f6lge k\u0131sm\u0131m\u0131zda yer al\u0131r. G\u00f6lge k\u0131sm\u0131m\u0131zla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaktan korkar\u0131z. \u0130\u00e7imizdedir ve bir g\u00fcn kendisini g\u00f6sterebilir. Bu sebeple g\u00f6lge genellikler r\u00fcyalarda hayvan, c\u00fcce gibi sevilmeyen \u00e7irkin fig\u00fcrler olarak sembolize edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Self: Bilin\u00e7 alt\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde yer alan arketiplerimizden birisidir. \u0130nsan\u0131n kendili\u011fini, taml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, m\u00fckemmelli\u011fini, insan-\u0131 kamil olma potansiyelini temsil eder. Genellikle r\u00fcyalarda ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde Hz. Muhammed, Hz \u0130sa ve Buda gibi ki\u015filerle temsil edilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anima (erkeklerde): Erkeklerin i\u00e7erisinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 bilin\u00e7 alt\u0131 d\u00fczeydeki kad\u0131ns\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerdir. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131 sevmenin temeli asl\u0131nda insan\u0131n animas\u0131 ile olan ba\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Anima ile ba\u011f kurulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 cinse duyulan ilgi azal\u0131r. Anima dengeliyici kuvvettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Animus (kad\u0131nlarda): Anima n\u0131n kad\u0131n versiyonu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bilge Adam: R\u00fcyalarda bize seslenen ve do\u011fru yolu g\u00f6steren bilin\u00e7 alt\u0131 d\u00fczeyinin arketipal forma girmi\u015f halidir. Genellikle beyazlar i\u00e7erisinde, sakall\u0131 ve asal\u0131 olarak sembolize edilir. Personan\u0131n sosyalli\u011fi gere\u011fi yapmaktan \u00e7ekindi\u011fi \u015feyleri yapmas\u0131n\u0131 telkin eder. Vicdan mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 temsil eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bilge Kad\u0131n: Bilge adam\u0131n kad\u0131n versyonu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>R\u00fcyalar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jung a g\u00f6re r\u00fcyalar bireyin bilin\u00e7 alt\u0131n\u0131, bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 anlamada yard\u0131mc\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 gibi, semboller vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile arketiplal ve semboller d\u00fczleminde bireyin gelece\u011fini ve metafizik alemde ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 uyar\u0131lar\u0131 yorumlamada da kullan\u0131labilecek bir olayd\u0131r. Freud ise r\u00fcyalar\u0131 sadece bast\u0131r\u0131lan i\u00e7 g\u00fcd\u00fclerin ve bilin\u00e7 alt\u0131n\u0131n kendini ifade etme alan\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. Jung ise r\u00fcyalara mistik hatta kutsal olarak yakla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Hatta bireyin uykuda r\u00fcya g\u00f6rmesinin \u00f6tesinde Aktif \u0130mgelem (r\u00fcya yazma, hayal etme, r\u00fcyay\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131yor gibi davranma) metodu ile bilin\u00e7 halinde de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sembollerle yorumlamalarda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Hatta kendi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc r\u00fcyalar\u0131 da d\u00fczenli not alarak analiz etmeye ve yorumlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7 Olarak<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karen Horney\u2019e g\u00f6re Jung zaman\u0131nda yeterince anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir bilim adam\u0131 de\u011fildir. Asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok fazla anla\u015f\u0131lma \u00e7abas\u0131nda da olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mistisizmi seven Jung bazen fikirlerini de bu hava i\u00e7erisinde sunmu\u015ftur. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Jung tekrar \u00f6nem kazanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gerek ki\u015fili\u011fin fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesi, gerek r\u00fcya analizlerinin terapilerde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve gerek arketipler ile kollektif bilin\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde belki de eskiye nazaran daha s\u0131k konu\u015fulur ve tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olmas\u0131 bunun g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Prof Dr. Ali K\u00d6SE K\u0131saca Jung Kimdir? 1875 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin Kesswil kentinde bir din adam\u0131n\u0131n o\u011flu olarak do\u011fdu. Ailesinin ilk \u00e7ocu\u011fu do\u011fumdan sonraki birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olup, kendisi ondan sonra do\u011fan \u201ck\u0131ymetli bebek\u201d durumundayd\u0131. Kendisine o d\u00f6nemin say\u0131lan ki\u015filerinden olan dedesinin ad\u0131n\u0131 verdiler. K\u00f6ydeki okuldan sonra gitti\u011fi Basel\u2019de s\u0131k s\u0131k fenala\u015farak bay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu nedenle [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5348,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[190],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5275","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilimsel-makaleler"],"featured_image_src":{"landsacpe":["https:\/\/bcuni.eu\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/PSIKANALIZ-VE-DIN-1.jpg",570,265,false],"list":["https:\/\/bcuni.eu\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/PSIKANALIZ-VE-DIN-1-463x265.jpg",463,265,true],"medium":["https:\/\/bcuni.eu\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/PSIKANALIZ-VE-DIN-1-300x139.jpg",300,139,true],"full":["https:\/\/bcuni.eu\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/PSIKANALIZ-VE-DIN-1.jpg",570,265,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>PS\u0130KANAL\u0130Z VE D\u0130N - Brussels Capital University<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bcuni.eu\/tr\/psikanaliz-ve-din\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PS\u0130KANAL\u0130Z VE D\u0130N - Brussels Capital University\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Prof Dr. Ali K\u00d6SE K\u0131saca Jung Kimdir? 1875 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin Kesswil kentinde bir din adam\u0131n\u0131n o\u011flu olarak do\u011fdu. 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